Do not lose faith!
All of these little problems can be fixed.
If you still have the chunk ripped off, it may be possible to superglue it back in place and then apply a little poly with a toothpick or similar.
Failing that, just apply a little coat of poly to the damaged area and repeat as often as required to bring it up to the same level as the rest of the finish. Days, I know but it will work.

I think this is a lesson not to use power polishers as this is the risk.
I always use manual power to polish. That way I can control the amount I take off and can also concentrate on the spots that need the most work. Just my view and my method.

As for the milky areas, as already said, it could be a small amount of delamination.
I had this on my scratch build when the pickup screw caught the lacquer and lifted it slightly. I took the screw out, countersunk the hole slightly and 'wicked' a bit of cyano into it. In your case it could be a little difficult as it is in the middle of a panel so in this case it may well be blushing.
If it is still noticeable then wait a month or two and apply a warm household iron over a tea towel to the area. This is what you do do cup rings on dining tables etc. Works a treat usually.
Right now your poly will be too soft to try that though.
Stay strong!

Cheers
Ricky